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A revolution from above refers to major political and social changes that are imposed by an elite on the population it dominates. It usually occurs in urban areas in the capital city. By contrast, the plain term revolution suggests that pressure from below is a major driving force in events, even if other social groups cooperate with — or ultimately capture —the movement. The phrase was coined by the Spanish writer Joaquín Costa in the 19th century.〔Stanley G. Payne, ''The Franco Regime'', p. 10〕 In contrast, a "revolution from below" refers to a grassroots campaign against elites. ==Some Examples== * Enlightened Despotism in 18th-century Europe * Fascism * Stalin's Collectivization of agriculture * White Revolution in Iran 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「revolution from above」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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